Fifteen Forage sorghum lines developed in sorghum breeding program in Iran were evaluated for Forage Yield under Karaj condition in Iran in 2007-2009 growing seasons. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with four replications. Four traits including fresh fodder, dry matter, plant height and number of tillers were measured in each cutting. All treatments were harvested at two cuttings. Combined analysis of variance showed significant differences between growing seasons, sorghum lines, cuttings, growing season × lines, line × cutting, growing season × cutting and growing season × line × cutting interactions for all of traits. Since the growing season × lines and growing season × cutting interactions were significant, therefore, combined analysis of variance was performed for each growing season. KFS3, KFS1, KFS18 and KFS2 Forage sorghum lines produced the highest fresh fodder with 182.8, 172.4, 144.7 and 143.1 t.ha-1 and dry matter with 33.8, 30.3, 29.1 and 26.4 t.ha-1, respectively. Dry matter production of KFS17 and KFS2 was similar. However, KFS6 produced the lowest fresh fodder and dry matter with 106.6 and 21.8 t.ha-1, respectively. The highest and lowest plant height was recorded forKFS3 and KFS10 with 195.8 and 138.9 centimeter, respectively. KFS10 and KFS1 Forage sorghum lines produced the highest and lowest tiller number with 3.0 and 2.2 tillers.plant-1, respectively.

The objectives of this study were to analyze genotype by environment (GE) interactions on the Forage Yield of 15 sorghum lines by the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model and to evaluate genotype (G), environment (E) and GE interactions using stability parameter i.e., AMMI stability value (ASV) and Wrick, s ecovalance (W2 i). The trials were conducted at two research station (Neyshabur and Torogh Mashhad) for three successive years2007-2009. The result ’ s of AMMI analysis for Forage Yield indicated that the Genotype main effects, environment, and GE interactions as well as two first interaction principal components (IPCA1-2) were significant. AMMI biplot was able to distinguish stable genotypes and environments with high and low genotype discrimination ability. The genotypes 5 and 15 with higher mean Yield than total mean were to be most stable genotypes, while the genotype 1 and 3 with the highest contribution to GE interaction, were to be the most instable. The result of recommended genotypes based on AMMI analysis showed that the genotypes 1 and 3 were highly adapted to Neyshabur and genotypes 5 and 15 were adapted to Mashhad environments during this study.

Different deficit irrigation management scenarios as alternate furrow irrigation with regard to sensitive growth stages of corn were assessed in terms of the effects on Yield and Yield components. The research was performed as a randomized full block design with six treatments and three replications. The treatments were comprised of: full furrow irrigation within whole growing season, alternate furrow irrigation in whole growing season, full irrigation at the establishment stage and alternate irrigation at the other stages, full irrigation at flowering stage while alternate irrigation at the other stages, full irrigation at establishment and flowering stage accompanied by alternate irrigation at the other stages, full irrigation at flowering and ripening stages and alternate irrigation in other stages. Overall, the effect of deficit irrigation on Yield and Yield components was statistically significant (p<0.01). Full irrigation in the whole growing season led to the highest wet Forage Yield (67022 kg/ha) and while alternate furrow irrigation in the whole growing season, the lowest wet Forage Yield (50064 kg/ha). The most desirable treatment was recorded as: full irrigation at the flowering stage and alternate irrigation in the other stages. With this treatment, the reduction in wet and dry Forage Yields, leaves wet and dry weights as well as stem wet and dry weights in comparison with control were about 8 to 14 %. This is quiet acceptable as it saves 39% irrigation water. The highest irrigation water use efficiency (1.88 kg/m3) was achieved through full irrigation at flowering stage with alternate irrigation of the other stages.

In order to study the adaptability and determine the cultivation value of new corn hybrids, 16 Forage maize genotypes of local and exotic origin were evaluated along with three common genotypes (KSC704, Bolson and Massil) in four different regions (Karaj, Maghan, Jovein and Dezful) using randomized complete block design with four replications in two years (2020 and 2021). Important traits such as days to flowering, plant height, ear height, ear-to-plant ratio and wet silage Yield were recorded, based on the manual of value for cultivation and use test. To evaluate the Yield stability, Francis and Kannenberg's environmental coefficient of variation was used. The results of two-years mean comparison of Yield showed that Egean, Sy-Lavaredo, ZP873, Zarin2 and Zarin3 hybrids had the highest Forage Yield with 65.4, 64.8, 64.7, 63.8 and 62.3 tons per hectare, respectively, While the average Yield of check varieties was 60 tons per hectare. Sy-Andromeda, Sy-Lavaredo, Egean, Jeta poly, Zarin 1, Zarin 2, Zarin 3 and ZP873 hybrids can be introduced with general adaptability, due to their higher Yield and Yield stability in comparison with the check varieties. Sy-Bilbao and BT-6470 hybrids are recommended in Karaj and Jovein regions and Ajeeb and ZP600 hybrids are also recommended in Jovein region with specific adaptability. ZP707, RGT-Joxxlin, RGT-Coruxxo and Exxupery hybrids do not deserve to release as a new variety because of low Forage Yield and Yield adaptability in comparison with the check varieties.

One of the approaches to agricultural sustainability is using diversity of plant species, including Forage crops. A total of 64 accessions of Forage grass genus: Agrostis, Bromus, Dactylis, Festuca and Phalaris were sown in a field experiment, and their agro-morphological traits were characterized according to standard descriptors. A high diversity was observed for most of the studied traits on the genus. F test was significant for most of the traits based on one-way ANOVA. Duncan mean comparison method was performed to grouping genus based on the recorded traits. Phalaris located in the highest rank for herbage summer Yield followed by Bromus, Festuca and Dactylis in the next group and Agrostis and Poa located in the last group. Results showed Forage grasses can be seemed as candidate to be used in agronomy systems due to the existence of high potential for forge Yield in the studied materials.

In order to investigate the possibility of quinoa producing in Garmsar, Iran, a factorial experiment conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 growing season at Garmsar Agricultural Research Station. The factors were planting date at three levels (March 6th, April 1st and April 6th) and the three genotypes of quinoa (Q26, Q29 and Titicaca). Results showed that the effect of planting date was significant for all studied traits except the harvest index. Also, all studied traits were significantly different in all genotypes. Titicaca planted on March 6th had the highest Yield (2276 kg.ha-1).The grain Yield and Yield components decreased with the delaying the planting date. Compared to early plantings, Latest date, April 6th, led to reduction of all traits, especially grain Yield (about 50%). The results of simple phenotypic correlation between the studied traits showed that grain Yield per hectare had the highest correlation with plant Yield (0.877) and then with leaf area index (0.832), panicle weight (0.815) and number of branches per plant (0.745) that was significant at the 1% probability level.

Forage Yield and some physiological traits of a Forage sorghum cultivar (Speed feed) was studied in three irrigation intervals 4, 7 and 10 days in the Azad university of Iranshahr in 2003 cropping season. The experimental deasign was split plot based on randomized complete blocks with three replications. Irrigation intervals were studied in main plots and plant density of 8, 12 and 15cm were assigned to sub-plots. Planting was carried out in May 5, 2003. Different physiological traits associated to Forage Yield and its components were measured durring growing season. Analysis of variance and mean comparison were porformed using the principles of split plot design and DMRT, respectively. The best irrigation intervals and plant density determined. In this expriment the best irrigation interval, were 4 and 7 days and the best plant density was 12cm. Results indicated that fresh Forages are in the same group as irrigation interval, of 4 and 7 days, and the best plant density was 12cm. However, after drying the dry Forage at first irrigation level and the second plant density level (37130 kg/ha) was the highest.

The objective of this study was to develop population hybrids by crossing five alfalfa cultivars of different geographic origin (Ghareh Yonjeh, Hamedani and Mahalie-Esfahan from Iran, Elchi from Turkey and Ordobad from Azerbaijan) and assessment of combining ability among them using diallel analysis. A half diallel was performed during 2012 between the selected cultivars. For each pairwise cross, ten plants were chosen at random to obtain F1 generation. Heterotic responses were determined by evaluation Forage Yield of the cultivars and their 10 half-diallel hybrids in seeded plots that were harvested three times in each of 2 years (2014 and 2015). Variation among crosses was attributed primarily to general combining ability (GCA) effects. However, specific combining ability (SCA) effects were also significant. Mid-parent heterosis ranged from 7. 1% in the Elchi x Hamedani to-9. 9 % in the Ghareh Yonjeh x Mahalie-Esfahan and high-parent heterosis ranged from 3. 4 % in the Elchi x Hamedani to-16. 7% Ghareh Yonjeh x Mahalie-Esfahan. Results indicated that Elchi cultivar could be considered as a member of a potential heterotic group for adapted cultivars (Ghareh Yonjeh and Hamedani) to the studied environment.